Venezuela provides Cuba with up to $15 billion a year, which helps
offset the US embargo. But there is the real possibility Chávez may not
win or survive another six-year term as president.
By Girish Gupta, Correspondent
posted April 17, 2012 at 8:29 am EDT
Havana
Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez views Cuban revolutionary and former
president Fidel Castro as his mentor, his "father." The two countries
have grown intertwined both ideologically and economically since Mr.
Chávez rose to power in 1998.
Cuba and Venezuela have grown so close, in fact, that at one point in
2005, Cuba's Vice President Carlos Lage declared "We have two
presidents: Fidel and Chávez." Perhaps a moment of hyperbole, but the
statement speaks to the growing dependence that Cuba has on Venezuela,
long after it lost its cold war ally, the Soviet Union.
Venezuela provides Cuba with between $5 billion and $15 billion
annually, nearly a quarter of the communist island's $63 billion GDP,
depending on the figures that are banded together by various sources.
Neither government supplies the public with official numbers. In
exchange, Cuba provides Venezuela with needed human capital, like
skilled doctors and sports coaches.
But Chávez is battling cancer, and he faces his strongest opposition
since he took office more than a decade ago. A potential loss of
Chavismo, as Chávez's left-wing ideology is called, would surely
transform the oil-rich, South American nation. And it would have an
equally big impact on Cuba.
"If Chávez were to lose power, Cuba would be more adversely affected
than any other country. The impact on the Cuban economy would be
enormous," says Michael Shifter, president of the Inter-American
Dialogue. "Cuba's current leadership, no doubt aware of such an unhappy
prospect, is trying to undertake economic reforms in part to offset such
a blow." This includes attempts at diversifying investors and creating a
new class of entrepreneurs not dependent on the government's payroll.
There are clear historical parallels for Cuba should Chávez fall. The
so-called Special Period, following the collapse of the Soviet Union,
saw Cuba left in chronic economic crisis as Havana was no longer able to
offset the US embargo. The economy contracted 35 percent between 1989
and 1993, and oil imports decreased nearly 90 percent in that same
period. The Cuban people were plunged into food shortages, some losing
up to a quarter of their body weight.
"It was horrible," says one elderly man, walking along Havana's seawall.
He declined to provide any personal information because he feared
retaliation from the state. "We had nothing, no food and no money but we
survived."
He blames the US embargo for Cuba's isolation. Initiated in 1960, the
embargo was designed to persuade Cuban authorities to move towards
"democratization and greater respect for human rights," however, the
policy encourages this by limiting trade between Cuba and US companies.
As a result, Cuba's crumbling buildings and postcard-friendly old
American cars have left the country looking like it is stuck in a time warp.
The rise of Chávez
Life for Cubans began to improve when Chávez came to power in Caracas in
1998, nearly a decade after the Soviet Union fell. The former
paratrooper was looking to launch his own "Bolivarian," socialist
revolution in Venezuela, and saw Fidel Castro as his mentor. He admired
Castro's revolutionary zeal, and Chávez lavished oil and cash on his
ideological ally.
Today, there is the real possibility that Chávez may not win or survive
another six-year term. Venezuelan opposition leader Henrique Capriles
Radonski – who recent polls say would likely lose to Chávez, but beat
any other candidate from the incumbent party – says maintaining such
high levels of investment in Cuba is not a given if he's elected in October.
"Venezuelan money will no longer be used to gain personal loyalties,"
Mr. Capriles says. In his enthusiasm to woo voters from across the
political spectrum — including Chavistas — the centrist politician
rarely makes precise policy statements, making it difficult to ascertain
exactly what the future will hold.
New investors on the horizon
In late January 2012, an oilrig sailed from China into the 90-mile
stretch of ocean between Cuba and Florida. It is Chinese-built,
Italian-owned, and is to be used initially by Spanish, Norwegian, and
Indian firms – a sign of Havana's strategy to diversify support and
reach out to new investors.
As the oilrig shows, there is no shortage of countries willing to take a
second look at Cuba, particularly in light of government statements that
the waters contain around 20 billion barrels of oil.
One of Latin America's biggest investors in recent years is China,
lending more to the region in 2010 than the World Bank, Inter-American
Development Bank, and the Export-Import Bank of the United States
combined. Relations between China and Cuba have warmed since the Special
Period of the 90s.
"If you look at what China has been doing in other countries, it hasn't
been an ideological partner but a very capitalistic one," says Gabriel
Zinny, managing director of Blue Star Strategies in Washington. Mr.
Zinny believes Cuba is in a much better position now than in the 90s,
largely because it is trying to diversify investors.
"Cuba can reach out to investors in its own region [now]," he said.
"[It] didn't have this opportunity when the Soviet Union collapsed
because Latin America was not powerful enough in terms of capital."
A number of politicians in the US have voiced anger at drilling in the
Florida Straits, saying the US government should make companies "bleed"
should a spill take place. While the rhetoric is designed to play on
memories of the Deepwater Horizon/BP oil spill in 2010, it is one
manifestation of an anti-Cuban sentiment within the US, bolstered by
Miami's exile community. Also, the investment opportunities for foreign
companies in Cuba may be frustrating for some US firms.
"Countries doing business with Cuba right now … will have a competitive
advantage in the case of [a Cuban] regime change," says Alejandro
Grisanti, head of the Latin America Economics & Strategy team at
Barclays Capital.
There are a number of business sectors in the US that are disappointed
by the constraints of the embargo, says Boris Segura, a Latin America
economist at investment bank Nomura. "There are a host of sectors that
feel they are losing business to European companies [and] China," Mr.
Segura says, mentioning agricultural, oil, and pharmaceutical sectors.
Growing business from within
Cuba is making small-scale domestic changes as well. Cubans are now able
to open up private — though heavily taxed and regulated — restaurants
and guesthouses. Frequented by tourists, these businesses bring in
valuable currency, and frees the Cuban government of nearly 371,000
people from its payroll. These steps towards capitalism may be slow,
however, they could soften the economic blow if Chávez's successor
drastically cuts investment in Cuba.
Cuban economist Oscar Espinosa Chepe was imprisoned during the Black
Spring crackdown of 2003 for crimes against the state, before being
released 18 months later. In his tiny Havana home, filled with books and
newspapers, he talks of how the government once took over the flat above
his to install listening devices.
"Chávez is more important than the Castros," Espinosa says. "He's this
country's umbilical cord.... It won't be the same as in the '90s. It
will be worse, much worse."
http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2012/0417/Imagining-Cuba-after-Chavez
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